Process for breaking petroleum emulsions



Patented Feb. 20, 1951 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE No Drawing. Application April 22, 1949, Serial No. 89,140

20 Claims.

This invention relates to processes or procedures particularly adapted for preventing, breaking, or resolving emulsions of the water-in-oil type, and particularly petroleum emulsions. This application is a continuation-in-part of our copending application Serial No. 751,614, filed May 31, 1947 (now abandoned). Attention is also directed to our co-pending application Serial No. 64,468, filed December 8, 1948 (now abandoned), and also Serial No. 30,183, filed May 29, 1948, now Patent No. 2,498,656, dated February 28, 1950.

Complementary to the above aspect of the invention herein described, is our companion invention concerned with the new chemical products or compounds used as the demulsifying agents in said aforementioned processes or procedures, as Well as the application of such chemical compounds, products, and the like, in various other arts and industries, along with the method for manufacturing said new chemical products or compounds which are of outstanding value in demulsification, See our co-pending application Serial No. 89,141, filed April 22, 1949.

Our invention provides an economical and rapid process, for resolving petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type, that are commonly referred. to as cut oil, roil oil, emulsified oil, etc., and which comprise fine droplets of naturally-occurring waters or brines dispersed in a more or less permanent state throughout the oil which constitutes the continuous phase of the emulsion.

It also provides an economical and rapid process for separating emulsions which have been prepared under controlled conditions from min eral oil, such as crude oil and relatively soft waters or weak brines. Controlled emulsification and subsequent demulsification under the conditions just mentioned are of significant value in removing impurities, particularly inorganic salts, from pipeline oil.

Demulsification, as contemplated in the present application, includes the preventive step of com mingling the demulsifier with the aqueous component which would or might subsequently become either phase of the emulsion, in the absence of such precautionary measure. Similarly, such demulsifier may be mixed with the hydrocarbon component.

Briefly stated, the present process is concerned with the breaking or resolving of petroleum emulsions by means of certain esters which are, in turn, derivatives of specific synthetic products. These products are, in turn, the oxyalkylated derivatives of certain resins hereinafter specified.

Thus, the present proces is concerned with breaking petroleum emulsions of the water-in-oil type characterized by subjecting the emulsion to the action of a drastically-oxidized ester of hydrophile hydroxylated synthetic products; the acyl radical of said ester being that of an unsaturated higher fatty acid having at least 8 and not more than 22 carbon atoms; said hydrophile synthetic products being oxyalkylation products of (A) an alpha-beta alkylene oxide having not more than 4 carbon atoms and selected from the class consisting of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, glycide, and methylglycide; and (B) an oxyalkylation-susceptible, fusible, organic solvent soluble, water insoluble phenolaldehyde resin; said resin being derived by reaction between a difunctional monohydric phenol and an aldehyde havin not over 8 carbon atoms and reactive toward said phenol; said resin being formed in the substantial absence of trifunctional phenols; said phenol being of the formula;

in which R is a hydrocarbon radical having at least 4 and not more than 12 carbon atoms and substituted in the 2,4,6 position; said oxyalkylated resin being characterized by the introduction into the resin molecule of a plurality of divalent radicals havin the formula (Rl0)n, in which R1 is a member selected from the class consisting of ethylene radicals, propylene radicals, butylene radicals, hydroxypropylene radicals, and hydroxybutylene radicals, and n is a numeral varying from 1 to 20; with the proviso that at least 2 moles of alkylene oxide be introduced for each phenolic nucleus; and with the further proviso that the hydrophile properties of the ester as well as the oxyalkylated resin in an equal weight of xylene are sufficient to produce an emulsion when said xylene solution is shaken vigorously with one to three volumes of water; and with the final proviso that said drastic-oxidation of the ester be by means of a gaseous oxygen containing medium. Drastic oxidation pre viously referred to is obtained by gaseous ox gen-containing mediums such as moist air, dried air, oxygen, ozone, etc.

For purpose of convenience, what is said hereinafter will be divided into five parts. Part 1 will be concerned with the production of the resin from a difunctional phenol and an aldehyde; Part 2 will be concerned with the oxyalkylation of the resin so as to convert it into a hydrophile hydroxylated derivative; Part 3 will be concerned with the conversion of the immediately aforementioned derivative into a partial or total ester of an unsaturated higher. fatty acid having at least 8 and not more than 22 carbon atoms, and preferably, the total ester; Part 4 will be concerned with the drastic oxidation of said immediately aforementioned ester by means of a gaseous oxygen-containing medium such as air; and Part 5 will be concerned with the uses of such esters as demulsifiers, as hereinafter described.

PART 1 OH OH OH C H H In such idealized representation n" is a numeral varying from 1 to 13, or even more, provided that the resin is fusible and organic solvent-soluble. R is a hydrocarbon radical having at least 4 and not over 8 carbon atoms. In

the instant application R may have as many as 12 carbon atoms, as in the case of a resin obtained from a dodecylphenol. In the instant invention it may be first suitable to describe the alkylene oxides employed as reactants, then the aldehydes, and finally the phenols, for the reason that the latter require a more elaborate description.

The alkylene oxides which may be used are the alpha-beta oxides having .not more than 4 carbon atoms, to wit, ethylene oxide, alpha-beta propylene oxide, alpha-beta butylene oxide, glycide, and methyl-glycide.

Any aldehyde capable of forming a methylol or a substituted methylol group and having not more than 8 carbon atoms is satisfactory, so long as it does not possess some other functional group or structure which will conflict with the resinification reaction or with the subsequent oxyalkylation of the resin, but the use of formaldehyde, in its cheapest form of an aqueous solution, for the production of the resins, is particularly advantageous. Solid polymers of formaldehyde are more expensive, and higher aldehydes are both less reactive, and are more expensive. Furthermore, the higher aldehydes may undergo other reactions which are not desirable, thus introducing difficulties into the resinification step. Thus acetaldehyde, for example, may undergo an aldol condensation, and it and most of the higher aldehydes enter into self-resinification when treated with strong acids or alkalies. On the other hand, higher aldehydes frequently beneficially affect the solubility and fusibility of a resin. This is illustrated, for example, by the different characteristics of the resin prepared from para-tertiary amylphenol and formaldehyde, on one hand, and a comparable product prepared from the same phenolic reactant and heptaldehyde, on the other hand. The former, as shown in certain subsequent examples, is a hard, brittle, solid, whereas, the latter is soft and tacky, and obviously easier to handle in the subsequent oxyalkylation procedure.

Cyclic aldehydes may be employed, particularly benzaldehyde. The employment of furfural requires careful control, for the reason that, in addition to its aldehydic function, furfural can form vinyl condensations by virtue of its unsaturated structure. The production of resins from furfural for use in preparing reactants for the present process is most conveniently conducted with weak alkaline catalysts and often with alkali metal carbonates. Useful aldehydes, in addition to formaldehyde, are acetaldehyde, propionic aldehyde, butyraldehyde, Z-ethylhexanal, ethylbutyraldehyde, heptaldehyde, and benzaldehyde, furfural and glyoxal. It would appear that the use of glyoxal should be avoided, due to the fact that it is tetrafunctional. However, our experience has been that, in resin manufacture and particularly as described herein, apparently only one of the aldehydic functions enters into the resinification reaction. The inability of the other aldehydic function to enter into the reaction is presumably due to steric hindrance. Needless to say, one can use a mixture of two or more aldehydes, although usually this has no advantage.

Resins of the kind which are used as intermediates in this invention are obtained with the use of acid catalysts or alkaline catalysts, or Without the use of any catalyst at all. Among the useful alkaline catalysts are ammonia, amines, and quaternary ammonium bases. It is generally accepted that when ammonia and amines are employed as catalysts, they enter into the condensation reaction, and, in fact, may operate by initial combination with the aldehydic reactant. The compound hexamethylenetetramine illustrates such a combination. In light of these various reactions, it becomes difiicult to present any formula which would depict the structure of the various resins prior to oxyalkylation. More will be said subsequently as to the difference between the use of an alkaline catalyst and an acid catalyst; even in the use of an alkaline catalyst there is considerable evidence to indicate that the products are not identical where different basic materials are employed. The basic materials employed include not only those previously enumerated, but also the hydroxides of the alkali metals, hydroxides of the alkaline earth metals, salts of strong bases and. weak acids, such as sodium acetate, etc.

Suitable phenolic reactants include the following: Para-tertiarybutylphenol; para-secondary butylphenol; para tertiary amylphenol; para secondary amylphenol; para tertiaryhexylphenol; para-isooctylphenol; ortho-phenylphenol; para-phenylphenol; ortho-benzylphen01; para-benzylphenol; and para-cyclohexyl phenol, and the corresponding ortho-para-substituted metacresols and 3,5-xylenols. Similarly, one may use paraor ortho-nonylphenol or a mixture, paraor ortho-decylphenol or'a mixture, menthylphenol, or paraor ortho-dodeoylphenol.

For convenience, the phenol has previously been referred to as monocyclic, in order to differentiate from fused nucleus polycyclic phenols, such as substituted naphthols. Specifically monocyclic is limited to the nucleus in which the hydroxyl radical is attached. Broadly speaking, where a substituent is cyclic, particularly aryl, obviously in the usual sense such phenol is actually polycyclic, although the phenolic hydroxyl is not attached to a fused polycyclic nucleus. Stated another way, phenols in which the hydroxyl group is directly attached to a condensed or fused polycyclic structure, are excluded. This matter, however, is clarified by the following consideration. The phenols herein contemplated for reaction may be indicated by the following formula:

in which R is selected from the class consisting of hydrogen atoms and hydrocarbon radicals having at least 4 carbon atoms and not more than 12 carbon atoms, with the proviso that one occurrence of R is the hydrocarbon substituent and the other two occurrences are hydrogen atoms, and with the further provision that one or both of the 3 and 5 positions may be methyl substituted.

The above formula possibly can be restated more conveniently in the following manner, to wit, that the phenol employed is of the following formula, with the proviso that R is a hydrocarbon substituent located in the 2, 4, 6 position, again with the provision as to 3 or 3,5 methyl substitution. This is conventional nomenclature, numbering the various positions in the usual clockwise manner, beginning with the hydroxyl position as one:

The manufacture of thermoplastic phenol-aldehyde resins, particularly from formaldehyde and a difunctional phenol, i. e., a phenol in which one of the three reactive positions (2,4,6) has been substituted by a hydrocarbon group, and particularly by one having at least 4 carbon atoms and not more than 12 carbon atoms, is well known. As has been previously pointed out, there is no objection to a methyl radical provided it is present in the 3 or 5 position.

Thermoplastic or fusible phenol-aldehyde resins are usually manufactured for the varnish trade and oil solubility is of prime importance. For this reason, the common reactant employed are butylated phenols, amylated phenols, phenylphenols, etc. The methods employed in manufacturing such resins are similar to those employed in the manufacture of ordinary phenolformaldehyde resins, in that either an acid or alkaline catalyst is usually employed. The pro cedure usually differs from that employed in the manufacture of ordinary phenol-aldehyde resins in that phenol, being water-soluble, reacts readily with an aqueous aldehyde solution without further difiiculty, while when a water-insoluble phenol is employed some modification is usually adopted to increase the interfacial surface and thus cause reaction to take place. A common solvent is sometimes employed. Another procedure employs rather severe agitation to create a large interfacial area. Once the reaction starts to a moderate degree, it is possible that both react-ants are somewhat soluble in the partially reacted mass and assist in hastening the reaction. We have found it desirable to employ a small proportion of an organic sulfo-acid as a catalyst, either alone or along with a mineral acid like sulfuric or hydrochloric acid. For example, alkylated aromatic sulfonic acids are efiectively employed. Since commercial forms of such acids are commonly their alkali salts, it is sometimes convenient to use a small quantity of such alkali salt plus a small quantity of strong mineral acid, as shown in the examples below. If desired. such organic sulfo-acids may be prepared in situ in the phenol employed, by reacting concentrated sulfuric acid with a small proportion of the phenol. In such cases where xylene is used as a solvent and concentrated sulfuric acid is employed, some sulfonation of the xylene probably occurs to produce the sulfo-acid. Addition of a solvent such as xylene is advantageous as hereinafter described in detail Another variation of procedure is to employ such organic sulfo-acids, in the form of their salts, in connection with an alkali-catalyzed resinification procedure. Detailed examples are included subsequently.

Another advantage in the manufacture of the thermoplastic or fusible type of resin by the acid catalytic procedure is that, since a difunctional phenol is employed, an excess of an aldehyde, for instance formaldehyde, may be employed without too marked a change in conditions of reaction and ultimate product. There is usually little, if any, advantage, however, in using an excess over and above the stoichiometric proportions for the reason that such excess may be lost and wasted. For all practical purposes the molar ratio of formaldehyde to phenol may be limited to 0.9 to 1.2, with 1.05 as the preferred ratio, or sufficient, at least theoretically, to convert the remaining reactive hydrogen atom of each terminal phenolic nucleus. Sometimes when higher aldehydes are used an excess of aldehydic re actant can be distilled oil and thus recovered from the reaction mass. This same procedure may be used with formaldehyde and excess reactant recovered.

When an alkaline catalyst is used the amount of aldehyde, particularly formaldehyde, may be increased over the simple stoichiometric ratio of one-to-one or thereabouts. With the use of alkaline catalyst it has been recognized that considerably increased amounts of formaldehyde may be used, as much as two moles of formaldehyde, for example, per mole of phenol, or even more, with the result that only a small part of such aldehyde remains uncombined or is subsequently liberated during resinification. Structures which have been advanced to explain such increased use of aldehydes are the following:

Such structures may lead to the production of cyclic polymers instead of linear polymers. For this reason, it has been previously pointed out that, although linear polymers have by far the most important significance, the present invention does not exclude resins of such cyclic structures.

Sometimes conventional resinification procedure is employed using either acid or alkaline catalysts to produce low-stage resins. Such resins may be employed as such, or may be altered or converted into high-stage resins, or in any event, into resins of higher molecular weight, by heating along with the employment of vacuum so as to split off water or formaldehyde, or both. Generally speaking, temperatures employed, particularly with vacuum, may be in the neighbor hood of 175 to 250 C., or thereabouts,

It may be well to point out, however, that the amount of formaldehyde used may and does usually affect the length of the resin chain. Increasing the amount of the aldehyde, such as formaldehyde, usually increases the size or molecular Weight of the polymer.

In the hereto appended claims there is specified, among other things, the resin polymer containing at least 3 phenolic nuclei. Such minimum molecular size is most conveniently deterined as a rule by cryoscopic method using benzene, or some other suitable solvent, for instance, one of those mentioned elsewhere'herein as a solvent for such resins. As a matter of fact, using the procedures herein described or an conventional resinification procedure will yield products usually having definitely in excess of 3 nuclei. In other words, a resin having an average of 4, 5 or 5 nuclei per unit is apt to be formed as a minimum in resinification, except under certain special conditions where dimerization may occur.

However, if resins are prepared at substantially higher temperatures, substituting cymene, tetralin, etc., or some other suitable solvent which boils or refiuxes at a higher temperature, instead of xylene, in subsequent examples, and if one doubles or triples the amount of catalyst, doubles or triples the time of refluxing, uses a marked excessof formaldehyde or other aldehyde, then the average size of the resin is apt to be distinctly over the above values, for example, it may average 7 to 15 units. Sometimes the expression low-stage resin or low-stage intermediate is employed to mean a stage having 6 or 7 units or even less. In the appended claims we have used low-stage to mean 3 to 7 units based on average molecular weight.

The molecular weight determinations, of course, require that the product be completely soluble in the particular solvent selected as, for instance, benzene. The molecular weight determination of such solution may involve either the freezing point as in the cryoscopic method, or, less conveniently perhaps, the boiling point in an ebullioscopic method. The advantage of the ebullioscopic method is that, in comparison with the cryoscopic method, it is more apt to insure complete solubility. One such common method to employ is that of Menzies and Wright (see J. Am. Chem. Soc. 43, 2309 and 2314 (1921). Any suitable method for determining molecular weights will serve, although almost any procedure adopted has inherent limitations. A good method for determining the molecular weights of resins, especially solvent-soluble resins, is the cryoscopic procedure of Krumbhaar which employs diphenylamine as a solvent (see Coating and Ink Resins, page 157, Reinhold Publishing Co. 1947). 1

Subsequent examples will illustrate the use of an acid catalyst, an alkaline catalyst, and no catalyst. As far as resin manufacture per se is concerned, we prefer to use an acid catalyst, and particularly a mixture of an organic sulfo-acid and a mineral acid, along with a suitable solvent, such as xylene, as hereinafter illustrated in detail. However, we have obtained products from resins obtained by use of an alkaline catalyst which were just as satisfactory as those obtained employing acid catalyst. Sometimes a combination of both types of catalysts is used in different stages of resinification. Resins so obtained are also perfectly satisfactory.

In numerous instances the higher molecular weight resins, i. e., those referred to as highstage resins, are conveniently obtained by subjecting lower molecular weight resins to vacuum distillation and heating. Although such procedure sometimes removes only a modest amount or even perhaps no low polymer, yet it is almost certain to produce further polymerization. For instance, acid catalyzed resins obtained in the usual manner and having a molecular weight indicating the presence of approximately 4 phenolic units or thereabouts may be subjected to such treatment, with the result that one obtains a resin having approximately double this molecular weight. The usual procedure is to use a secondary step, heating the resin in the presence or absence of an inert gas, including steam, or by use of vacuum.

We have found that under the usual conditions of resinification employing phenols of the kind here described, there is little or no tendency to form binuclear compounds, 1. e., dimers, resulting from the combination, for example, of 2 moles of a phenol and one mole of formaldehyde, particularly where the substituent has 4 or 5 carbon atoms. Where the number of carbon atoms in a substituent approximates the upper limit specified herein, there may be some tendency to dimerization. The usual procedure to obtain a dimer involves an enormously large excess of the phenol, for instance, 8 to 10 moles per mole of denser or in any other suitable manner.

'mesitylene, decalin aldehyde. Substituted dihydroxydiphenylmethanes obtained from substituted phenols are not resins as that term is used herein.

Although any conventional procedure ordinarily employed may be used in the manufacture of the herein contemplated resins or, for that matter, such resins may be purchased in the open market, we have found it particularly desirable to use the procedures described elsewhere herein, and employing a combination of an organic sulfo-acid and a mineral acid as a catalyst, and xylene as a solvent. By way of illustration, certain subsequent examples are included, but it is to be understood the herein described invention is not concerned with the resins per se or with any particular method of manufacture but is concerned with the use of reactants obtained by the subsequent oxyalkylation thereof. The phenol-aldehyde resins may be prepared in any suitable manner.

Oxyalkylation, particularly oxyethylation which is the preferred reaction, depends on contact between a non-gaseous phase and a gaseous phase. It can, for example, be carried out by melting the thermoplastic resin and subjecting it to treatment with ethylene oxide or the like, or by treating a suitable solution or suspension. Since the melting points of the resins are often higher than desired in the inital stage of oxyethylation,

we have found it advantageous to use a solution 'or suspension of thermoplastic resin in an inert solvent such as xylene. Under such circumstances, the resin obtained in the usual manner is dissolved by heating in xylene under a reflux con- Since xylene or an equivalent inert solvent is present or may be present during oxyalkylation, it is obvious there is no objection to having a solvent present during the resinifying stage if, in addition to being inert towards the resin, it is also inert towards the reactants and also inert towards water. Numerous solvents, particularly of aromatic or cyclic nature, are suitably adapted for such use. Examples of such solvents are xylene, cymene, ethyl benzene, propyl benzene, (decahydronanhthalene) tetralin (tetrahydronaphthalene), ethylene glycol diethylether, diethylene glycol diethylether, and tetraethylene glycol dimethylether, or mixtures of one or more. Solvents such as dichloroethylether, or dichloropropylether may be employed either alone or in mixture but have the objection that the chlorine atom in the compound may slowly combine with the alkaline cata yst employed in oxyethylation. Suitable solvents may be selected from this group for molecular weight determinations.

The use of such solvents is a convenient expedient in the manufacture of the thermop astic r sins, particularly since the solvent gives a more liquid reaction mass and thus prevents overheating, and also because the solvent can be employed in connection with a reflux condenser and a water trap to assist in the removal of water of reaction and also water present as part of the formaldehyde reactant when an aqueous solution of formaldehyde is used. Such aqueous solution, of course, with the ordinary product of commerce containing about 37 to 40% formaldehyde, is the preferred reactant. When such solvent is'used it is advantageously added at the beginning'of the resinification procedure or before the reaction has proceeded very far.

The solvent can be removed afterwards by dis- .tillation with or without the use of vacuum, and

a final higher temperature can be employed to complete reaction if desired. In many instances it is most desirable to permit part of the solvent, particularly when it; is inexpensive, e. g., xylene, to remain behind in a predetermined amount so as to have a resin which can be handled more convenienty in the oxyalky.ation stage. If a more expensive solvent, such as decalin, is employed, xylene or other inexpensive solvent may be added after the removal of decalin, if desired.

In preparing resins from difuncticnal phenols it is common to employ reactants of technical grade. The substituted phenols herein contemplated are usually derived from hydroxybenzene. As a rule, such substituted phenols are comparatively free from unsubstituted phenol. generally found that the amount present is considerably less than 1% and not infrequently in the neighborhood of 1 s of 1%, or even less. The amount of the usual trifunctional phenol, such as hydroxybenzene or metacresol, which can be tolerated is determined by the fact that actual cross-linking, if it takes place even infrequently, must not be suflicient to caus insolubility at the completion of the resinification stage or the lack of hydrophile properties at the completion of the oxyalkylation stage.

The exclusion of such trifunctional phenols as hydroxybenzene or metacresol is not based on the fact that the mere random or occasional inclusion of an unsubstituted phenyi nucleus in the resin molecule or in one of several molecules, for example, markedly alters the characteristics of th oxyalkylated derivative. The presence of a phenyl radical having a reactive hydrogen atom available or having a hydroxymethylol or a substituted hydroxymethylol group present is a potential source of cross-linking either during resinification or oXyalkylation. Cross-linking leads either to insoluble resins or to non-hydrophilic products resulting from the oxyalkylation procedure. With this rationale understood, it is obvious that trifunctional phenols are tolerable only in a minor proportion and should not be present to the extent that insolubility is produced in the resins, or that the product resulting from oxyalkylation is gelatinous, rubbery, or at least not hydrophile. As to the rationale of resinification, note particularly what is said hereafter in differentiating between resoles, Novolaks, and resins obtained solely from difunctional phenols.

Previous reference has been made to the fact that fusible organic solvent-soluble resins are usually linear but may be cyclic. Such more complicated structure may be formed, particularly if a resin prepared in the usual manner is converted into a higher stage resin by heat treatment in vacuum as previously mentioned. This again is a reason for avoiding any opportunity for cross-linking due to the presence of any appreciable amount of trifunctional phenol. In other words, the presence of such reactant may cause cross-linking in a conventional resinification procedure, or in the oxyalkylation procedure, or in the heat and vacuum treatm nt if it is employed as part of resin manufacture.

Our routin procedure in examining a phenol for suitability for preparing intermediates to be used in practicing the invention is to prepare a resin employing formaldehyde in excess (1.2 moles of formaldehyde per mole of phenol) and using an acid catalyst in the manner described in Example la of our Patent 2,499,370 granted March 7, 1950. If the resin so obtained is solvent-soluble in any one of the aromatic or other solvents We have ll previously referred to, it is then subjected to oxyethylation. During oxyethylation a temperature is employed of approximately 150 to 165 C. with addition of at least2 and advantageously up to 5 moles of ethylene oxide per phenolic hydroxyl. The oxyethylation is advantageously conducted so as to require from a few minutes up to 5 to hours. If the product so obtained is solvent-soluble and self-dispersing or emulsifiable, or has emulsifying properties, the phenol is perfectly satisfactor from the standpoint of trifunctional phenol content. The solvent may be removed prior to the dispersibility or emulsifiability test. When a product becomes rubbery during oxyalkylation due to the presence of a small amount of trireactive phenol, as previously mentioned, or for some other reason, it may become extremely insoluble, and no longer qualifies as being hydrophile as herein specified. Increasing the size of the aldehydic nucleus, for instance using heptaldehyde instead of formaldehyde, increases tolerance for trifunctional phenol.

The presence of a trifunctional or tetrafunctional phenol (such as resorcinol or bisphenol A) is apt to produce detectable cross-linking and insolubilization but will not necessarily do so, especially if the proportion is small. Resinification involving difunctional phenols only may also produce insolubilization, although this seems to be an anomaly or a contradiction of what is sometimes said in regard to resinification reactions involving difunctional phenols only. This is presumably due to cross-linking, This appears to be contradictory to what one might expect in light of the theory of functionality in resinification. It is true that under ordinary circumstances, or rather under the circumstances of conventional resin manufacture, the procedures employing difunctional phenols are very apt to, and almost invariably do, yield solvent-soluble, fusible resins. However, when conventional procedures ar employed in connection with resins for varnish manufacture or the like, there is involved the matter of color, solubility in oil, etc. When resins of the same type are manufactured for the here-in contemplated purpose, i. e., as a raw material to be subjected to oxyalkylation, such criteria of selection are no longer pertinent. State-d another way, one may use more drastic conditions of resinification than those ordinarily employed to produce resins for the present purposes. Such more drastic conditions of resinification may include increased amounts of catalyst, higher temperatures, longer time of reaction, subsequent reaction involving heat alone or in combination with vacuum, etc. Therefore, one is not only concerned with the resinification reactions which yield the bulk of ordinary resins from difunctional phenols but also and particularly with the minor reactions of ordinary resin manufacture which are of importance in the present invention for the reason that they occur under more drastic conditions of resinification which may be employed advantageously at times, and they may lead to cross-linking.

In this connection it may be well to point out that part of these reactions are now understood or explainable to a greater or lesser degree in light of a most recent investigation. Reference is made to the researches of Zinke and his coworkers, I-Iultzsch and his associates, and to von Eulen and his co-workers, and others. As to a bibliography of such investigations, see Carswell, Phenoplasts, chapter 2. These investigators limited much of their work to reactions -l IS 12 involving phenols having two or less reactive hydrogen atoms. Much of what appears in these most recent and most up-to-date investigations is pertinent to the present invention insofar that much of it is referring to resinification involving difunctional phenols.

For the moment, it may be simpler to consider a most typical type of fusible resin and forget for the time that such resin, at least under certain circumstances, is susceptible to further complications. Subsequently in the text it will be pointed out that cross-linking or reaction with excess formaldehyde may take place even with one of such most typical typei resins. This point is made for the reason that insolubles must be avoided in order to obtain the products herein contemplated for use as reactants.

The typical type of fusible resin obtained from a para-bocked or ortho-blocked phenol is clearly differentiated from the Novolak type or resole type of resin. Unlike the resole type, such typical type para-bloclrd or o"thobl0cked phenol resin may be heated indefinitely without passing into an infusible stage, and in this respect is similar to a Novolak. Unlike the Novolak type the addition of a further reactant, for instance, more aldehyde. does not ordinarily alter fusibility of the difunctional phenol-aldehyde type resin; but such addition to a Novolak causes cross-linking by virtue of the available third functional position.

What has been said immediately preceding is subject to modification in this respect: It is well known, for example, that difunctional ph nols, for instance, paratertiaryamvlphenol, and an a dehyde, particular y formaldehyde, may yield heat-hardenable resins, at least under certain conditions, as for example the use of two mo'es of formaldehyde to one of phenol, along with an alkaline catalyst. This peculiar hardening or curing or cross-linking of resins obtained from difunctional phenols has been recognized by various authorities.

The intermediates herein used must be hydrophile or sub-surface-active or surface-active as hereinafter described, and this precludes the formation of insolubes during resin manufacture or the subsequent stage of resin manufacture where heat alone, or heat and vacuum, are employed, or in the oxyalkylation procedure. In its simplest presentation the rationale of resinifieation involving formaldehyde, for example, and a difunctional phenol would not be expected to form cross-links. However, cross-linking sometimes occurs and it may reach the objectionable stage. However, provided that the preparation of resins simply takes into cognizance the present knowledge of the subject, and employing preliminary, exploratory routine examinations as herein indicated, there is not the slighest difficulty in preparing a very large number of resins of various types and from various reactants, and by means of different catalysts by different procedures, all of which are eminently suitable for the herein described purpose.

Now returning to the thought that crosslinking can take place, even when difunctional phenols are used exclusively, attention is directed to the following: Somewhere during the course of resin manufacture there may be .a potential cross-linking combination formed but actual cross-linking may not take place until the subsequent stage is reached, i. e., heat and vacuum stage, or oxyalkylation stage. This situation may be related or explained in terms of a theory of flaws, or Lockerstellen, which is employed in explaining flaw-forming groups due to the fact that a CHzOI-I radical and H atom may not lie in the same plane in the manufacture of ordinary phenol-aldehyde resins.

Secondly, the formation or absence of formation of insolubles may be related to the aldehyde used and the ratio of aldehyde, particularly formaldehyde, insofar that a slight variation may, under circumstances not understandable, produce insolubilization. The formation of the insoluble resin is apparently very sensitive to the quantity of formaldehyde employed and a slight increase in the proportion of formaldehyde may lead to the formation of insoluble gel lumps. The cause of insoluble resin formation is not clear, and nothing is known as to the structure of these resins.

All that has been said previously herein as regards resinification has avoided the specific reference to activity of a methylene hydrogen atom. Actually there is a possibility that under some drastic conditions cross-linking may take place through formaldehyde addition to the methylene bridge, or some other reaction involving a methylene hydrogen atom.

Finally, there is some evidence that, although the meta positions are not ordinarily reactive, possibly at times methylol groups or the like are formed at the meta positions; and if this were the case it may be a suitable explanation of abnormal cross-linking.

Reactivity of a resn towards excess aldehyde, for instance formaldehyde, is not to be taken as a criterion of rejection for use as a reactant. In other words, a phenol-aldehyde resin which is thermoplastic and solvent-soluble, particularly if xylene-soluble, is perfectly satisfactory even though retreatment with more aldehyde may change its characteristics markedly in regard to both fusibility and solubility. Stated another way, as far asresins obtained from difunctional phenols are concerned, they may be either formaldehyde-resistant or not formaldehyde-resistant.

Referring again to the resins herein contemplated as reactants, it is to be noted that they are thermoplastic phenol-aldehyde resins derived from difunctional phenols and are clearly distinguished from Novolaks or resoles. When these resins are produced from difunctional phenols and some of the higher aliphatic aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde, the resultant is often a comparatively soft or pitchlike resin at ordinary temperature. Such resins become comparatively fluid at 116 to 165 C. as a rule and thus can be readily oxyalkylated, preferably oxyethylated, without the use of a solvent.

Reference has been made to the use of the word fusible. Ordinar'ly a thermoplastic resin is identified as one which can be heated repeatedly and still not lose its themoplasticity. It is recognized, however, that one may have a rash which is initialy thermoplastic but on repeated heating may become insoluble in an organic solvent, or at least no longer thermoplastic, due to the fact that certain changes take place very slowly. As far as the present invention is concerned, it is obvious that a resin to be suitable need only be suflicientiy fusible to permit processing to produce our oxyalkylated products and not yield insolubles or cause insolubilzation or gel formation, or rubberiness, as previously described. Thus resins which are, strictly speaking, fusible but not necessarily thermoplastic in the most rigid sense that such terminology would be applied to the mechanical properties of a resin, are useful intermediates. The bulk of all fusible resins of the kind herein described are thermoplastic.

The fusible or thermoplastic resins, or solventsoluble resins, herein employed as reactants, are water-insoluble, Or have no appreciable hydrophile properties. The hydrophile property is introduced by oxyalkylation. In the hereto ap pended claims and elsewhere the expression water-insoluble is used to point out this characteristic of the resins used.

In the manufacture of compounds herein em ployed, particularly for demulsification, it is obvious that the resins can be obtained by one of a number of procedures. In the first place, suitable resins are marketed by a number of companies and can be purchased in the open market; in the second place, there are a wealth of examples of suitable resins described in the literature. The third procedure is to follow the directions of the present application.

The oxyalkylation-susceptible, water-insoluble, organic solvent-soluble, fusible, phenol-aldehyde resins derived from specified difunctional phenols and aldehydes, used as intermediates for the preparation of the products used in the practice of the present invention are exemplified by the Examples Nos. 1a through 103a of our Patent 2,499,370, granted March 7, 1950, and reference is made to that patent for exemplification of these intermediates.

Previous reference has been made to the use of a single phenol as herein specified, or a single reactive aldehyde, or a single oxyalkylating agent. Obviously, mixtures of reactants may be employed, as for example a mixture of parabutylphenol and para-amylphenol, or a mixture of para-butylphenol and para-hexylphenol, or para-butylphenol and para-phenylphenol. It is extremely difficult to depict the structure of a resin derived from a single phenol. When mixtures of phenols are used, even in equimolar proportions, the structure of the resin is even more indeterminable. In other words, a mixture involving para-butylphenol and para-amylphenol might have an alternation of the two nuclei or one might have aseries of butylated nuclei and then a series of'amylated nuclei. If a mixture of aldehydes is employed, for instance, acetaldehyde and butyraldehyde, or acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, or benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde, the final structure of the'resin becomes even more complicated and possibly depends on the relative reactivity of the aldehydes. For that matter, one m ght be producing simultaneously two different resins, in what would actual y be a mechanical mixture, although such mixture might exhibit some unique properties as compared with a mixture of the same two resins prepared separately. Similarly, as has been suggested, one might use a combination of oxyalkylating agents; for instance, one might partially oxyalkylate with ethylene oxide and then finish off with propylene oxide. It is understood that the oxyalkylated derivatives of such resins, derived from such plurality of reactants, instead of being limited to a single reactant from each of the three classes, is contemplated and here included for the reason that they are obvious variants.

PART 2 Having obtained a suitable resin of the kind deenacts l5. scribed, such resin is subjected to treatment with a low molal reactive alpha-beta olefine oxide so as to render the product distinctly hydrophile in nature, as indicated by the fact that it becomes self-emulsifiable or miscible or soluble in water, or self-dispersible, or has emulsifying properties. The olefine oxides employed are characterized by the fact that they contain not over 4 carbon atoms and are selected from the class consisting of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, glycide, and methylglycide. Glycide may be, of course, considered as a hydroxypropylene oxide and methyl glycide as a hydrox butylene oxide.

.In any event, however, all such reactants contain the reactive ethylene oxide ring and may be best considered as derivatives of or substituted ethylene oxides. The solubilizing effect of the oxide is directly proportional to the percentage of oxygen present, or specifically, to the oxygen-carbon ratio.

In ethylene oxide, the oxygen-carbon ratio is 1:2. In glycide, it is 2:3, and in methyl glycide, 1:2, In such compounds, the ratio is very favorable to the production of hydrophile or surfaceactive properties. However, the ratio, in propylene oxide, is 1:3, and in butylene oxide, 1:4. Obviously, such latter two reactants are satisfactorily employed only where the resin composition is such as to make incorporation of the desired property practical. In other cases, they may produce marginally satisfactory derivatives, or even unsatisfactor derivatives. They are usable in conjunction with the three more favorable alkylene oxides in all cases. For instance, after one or several propylene oxide or butylene oxide molecules have been attached tothe resin molecule, oxyalkylation may be satisfactorily continued using the more favorable members of the class, to produce the desired hydrophile product. Used alone, these two reagents may in some cases -fail to produce suiiiciently hydrophile derivatives because of their relatively low oxygen-carbon ratios.

Thus, ethylene oxide is much more effective than propylene oxide, and propylene oxide is more effective than butylene oxide. Hydroxy propylene oxide (glycide) is more effective than propylene oxide. Similarly, hydroxy butylene oxide (methyl glycide) is more effective than butylene oxide. Since ethylene oxide is the cheapest alkylene oxide available and is reactive, its use is definitely advantageous, and especially in light of its high oxygen content. Propylene oxide is less reactive than ethylene oxide, and butylene oxide is definitely less reactive than propylene oxide. On the other hand, glycide may react with almost explosive violence and must be handled with extreme care.

The oxyalkylation of resins of the kind from which the initial reactants used in the practice of the present invention are prepared is advan tageously catalyzed by the presence of an alkali. Useful alkaline catalysts include soaps, sodium acetate, sodium hydroxide, sodium m thylate', caustic potash, etc. The amount of alkaline catalyst usually is between 0.2% to 2%. The temperature employed may vary from room tempera ture to as high as 260 C. The reaction may be conducted with or without pressure, 1. e., from zero pressure to approximately 200 or even 300 pounds gauge pressure (pounds per square inch). In a general way, the method employed is substantially the same procedure as used for oxyalkylation of other organic materials having reactive phenolic groups.

It may be necessary to allow for the acidity of a resin in determining the amount of alkaline catalyst to be addedin oxyalkylation. For instance, if a nonvolatile strong acid such as sulfur-icacid is used to catalyze the resinification reaction, presumably after being converted into a sulfonic acid, it may be necessary and is usually advantageous to add an amount of alkali equal stoichiometrically to such acidity, and include added alkaliover and above this amount as the alkaline catalyst.

It is advantageous to conduct the oxyethylation in presence of an inert solvent such as xylene, cymene, decalin, ethylene glycoldiethylether, di ethyleneglycol diethylether, or the like, although with many resins, the oxyalkylation proceeds sat isfactorily without a solvent. Since xylene is cheap and may be permitted to be present in the final product used as a demulsiiier, it is our preference to use xylene. This is particularly true in the manufacture of products from low-stage resins, i. e., of 3 and up to and including 7 units per molecule.

If a xylene solution is used in an autoclave as hereinafter indicated, the pressure readings of course represent total pressure, that is, the combined pressure due to xylene and also due to ethylene oxide or whatever other oxyalkylating agent is used. Under such circumstances it may be necessary at times to use substantial pressures to obtain efiective results, for instance, pressures up to 300 pounds along with correspondingly high temperatures, if required.

However, even in the instance of high-melting resins, a solvent such as xylene can be eliminated in either one of two ways: After the introduction of approximately 2 or 3 moles of ethylene oxide, for example, per phenolic nucleus, there is a definite drop in the hardness and melting point of the resin. At this stage, if xylene or' a similar solvent has been added, it can be eliminated by distillation (vacuum distillation if desired) and the subsequent intermediate, being comparatively soft and solvent-free, can be reacted further in the usual manner with ethylene oxide or some other suitable reactant.

Another procedure is to continue the reaction to completion with such solvent present and then eliminate the solvent by distillation in the customar'y manner.

Another suitable procedure is to use propylene.

oxide or butylene oxide as a solvent, as well. as a reactant in the earlier stages along with ethylene oxide, for instance, by dissolving the pewdered resin in propylene oxide, even though oxyalkylation is taking place to a greater or lesser degree. After a solution has been obtained which represents the original resin dissolved in propylene oxide or butylene oxide, or a mixture which includes the oxyalkylated product, ethylene oxide is added to react with the liquid mass until hydrophile properties are obtained. Since ethylene oxide is more reactive than propylene oxide or butylene oxide, the final product may contain some unreacted propylene oxide or butylene oxide which can be eliminated. by volatilization or distillation in any suitable manner.

Attention is directed to the fact that the resins herein described must be fusible or soluble in an organic solvent. Fusible resins invariably are soluble in one or more organic solvents, such as those mentioned elsewhere herein. It is to be emphasized, however, that the organic solvent employed to indicate or assure that the resin meets this requirement need not be the one used sists of separate molecules.

ins of the type herein specified possess reactive hydroxyl groups and are oxyalkylation-suscepate reactants.

' in oxyalkylation. Indeed, solvents which are susceptible to oxyalkylation are included in this group of organic solvents. Examples of such solvents are alcohols and alcohol-others. However, where a resin is soluble in an organic solvent, there are usually available other organic solvents which are not susceptible to oxyalkylation, useful for the oxyalkylation step. In any event, the organic solvent-soluble resin can be finely powdered, for instance, to 100 to 200 mesh, and a slurry or suspension prepared in xylene or the like, and subjected to oxyalkylation. The fact that the resin is soluble in an organic solvent, or the fact that it is fusible, means that it con- Phenolaldehyde restible.

Considerable of what is said immediately hereinafter is concerned with ability to vary the hydrophile properties of the hydroxylated intermediate reactants from minimum hydrophile properties to maximum properties. Such properties, in turn, of course, are affected subsequently by the acid employed for esterification and the quantitative nature of the esterification itself, i. e., whether it is total or partial. It may be well, however, to point out what has been said elsewhere in regard to the hydroxylated intermedi- See, for example, our co-pending applications, Serial Nos. 8,730 and 8,731, both filed February 16, 1948, and Serial No. 42,133, filed August 2, 1948, and Serial No. 42,134, filed August 2, 1948 (all four cases now abandoned). The reason is that the esterification. depending upon the acid selected, may vary the hydrophile- Property. For instance, minimum hydrophile property may be described roughly as the point where two ethyleneoxy radicals or moderately in excess thereof are introduced per phenolic hydroxyl. Such minimum hydrophile property or sub-surface-activity or minimum surface-activity means that the product shows at least emulsitying properties or self-dispersion in cold or even inwarm distilled water (15 to 40 C.) in concentrations of 0.5% to 5.0%. Thesematerials are generally more soluble in cold Water than warm water, and may even be very insoluble in boiling water. Moderately high temperatures aid inreducing the viscosity of the solute under examination. Sometimes if one continues to shake a hot solution, even though cloudy or conta ning an insoluble phase, one finds that solution takes place to give a homogeneous phase as the mixture cools. Such self-dispersion tests are conducted in the absence of an insoluble solvent.

When fthe hydrdphile-hydrophobe balance is above the indicated minimum (2 moles of ethylene oxideper phenolic nucleus or the equivalent) but, insufficient to give a sol as described immediately preceding, then, and in that event hydrophile, properties are indicated by the fact 18 xylene. All that one need to do is to have a xylene solution within the range of 50 to 90 parts by weight of oxyalkylated derivatives and 50 to parts by weight of xylene and mix such solution with one, two or three times its volume of distilled Water and shake vigorously so as to obtain an emulsion which may be of the oil-in-water type or the water-in-oil type (usually the ple sol test in water previously noted.

that one;; can produce an emulsion by having m present-16% to of an inert solvent such as k If the product is not readily water soluble it may be dissolved in ethyl or methyl alcohol, ethylene glycol diethylether. or diethylene glycol diethylether, with a little acetone added if required, making a rather concentrated solution, for instance 40% to 50%, and then adding enough of the concentrated alcoholic or equivalent solution to give the previously suggested 0.5% to 5.0% strength solution. If the product is self-dispersing (i. e., if the oxyalkylated product is a liquid or a liquid solution self-emulsifiable), such sol or dispersion is referred to as at least semi-stable in the sense that sols, emulsions, or dispersions prepared are relatively stable, if they remain at least for some period'of time, for instance 30 minutes to two hours, before showing any marked separation. Suchtests are conducted at room temperature (22 C.). Needless to say, a test can be made in presence of an insoluble solvent such as 5% to 15% of xylene, as noted in previous examples. If such mixture, i. e., containing a waterinsoluble solvent, is at least semi-stable, obviously the solvent-free product would be even more so. Surface-activity representing an advanced hydrophile-hydrophobe balance can also be determined by the use of conventional measurements hereinafter described. One outstanding characteristic property indicating surface-activity in a material is the ability to form a permanent foam in dilute aqueous solution, for example, less than 0.5%, when in the higher oxyalkylated stage, and to form an emulsion in the lower and intermediate stages of oxyalkylation.

Allowance must be made for the presence of a solvent in the final product in relation to the hydrophile properties of the final product. The principle involved in the manufacture of the herein contemplated compounds for use as demulsifying agents, is based on the conversion of a hydrophobe or' non-hydrophile compound or mixture of compounds into products which are distinctly hydrophile, at least to the extent that they have emulsifying properties or are self- I emulsifying; that is, when shaken with water they produce stable or semi-stable suspensions, or, in the presence of a water-insoluble solvent, such as xylene, an emulsion. In demulsification, it is sometimes preferable to use a product having markedly enhanced hydrophile properties over and above the initial stage of self-emulsifiability, although we have found that with products of the type used herein, most efiicacious results are obtained with products which do not have hydrophile properties beyond the stage of self-dispersibility.

More highly oxyalkylated resins give colloidal solutions or sols which show typical properties comparable to ordinary surface-active agents. Such conventional surface-activity may be measured by determining .the z-surfazce'ltensionrandrthe iinterffacial tensionia'gainstparafiin oilxor theilike. At the initial and .lower stages "of ioxylalkylati'on, surcfa'ce activity is not/suitably determined in this same manner but 'onezma-yiemrloy an emulsificaation testJ Emulsions :come into existence as a rule through the presence of a surface-active emulsifying agent. Some surface-active emulsif ying agents such as m'ahoganyt'soap'may produce a 'water-in-oil emulsion .or an oil-in-water emul- 1 ision depending upon :the'Jr-a'tio of theitwo phases, :degree of agitation, :concentration :of emulsifying agentgetc.

The :same is 'true in regard to the oxyalkylated ufesins herein'sp'ecified, particularly in the lower "fac'e-"activ stage. 'Thefsurlfac'e activemroperties are readily demonstrated Ibytproducin'g aixylene- "water emulsion. A suitable procedure as :01-

=:lows: The 'oxyalkylated resin is dissolved 'in an tequal weight tof xylene. Such "50-:50 solution is thenunixed withs1-31volumes of water andr'sh'a'ken :to Jprndu'c'e an emulsion. The amount =of xylene is-invatiably sufiicient to :reduce even a tacky resinous product 'to a solution which is readily "dispersible. The 'emul'sions so produced are usually "xylene-in-water "emulsions (oil-in-water type) particularly "when the "amount of-distil'led 'water used is at least slightly in excess of the 'ivolume or xylene solution "and :also i shaken vigorously. At .times, .particularly in the lowest stage "of oxyalkylation, one :may obtain a wateriimxylene emulsion Cwater-in-nil :type) which is i apt toireverse ontmore vigorousshaking and further dilutioniwith water.

if in doubt as tothis-prop'erty. comparison'with a resin Iob'tained :from :parat'ertiary :b'utylphenol and formaldehyde itratio 1 part j-phenol to 1.1 for'maldehyde) using an iacid catalyst :and then -followed "by .oxyalkylati'on using z2zmoles of "ethylerre oxide ifor each phenolic hydroxyl, is helpful.

Sii'ch resin :pri'or nto'oxyalkylation has amolecular -=It is understood that characteristics "in theipolyhydric reactants used :in accordance with this zinvention. They dissolve or rdispersefin water; and-dispersions foam be lmade with the butylph'enoleformaldehyde resin-ana'logwherein '2 moles .of ethylene oxide ha've been introduced for each fphenolic .nucleus. I T hepresence of xylene oran equivalent wateriins'oluble solvent may" mask the point-at which a solvent-free product on mere dilution :in-a test tub'e'exhibits*self -emulsification. For this reas'onyi'f it is desirable to -detenninethe approximate point" where self-emulsification begins, then litiis :better to eli-mi-I-iatethe 1xy-lene 0r equivalent J20 dram aremall portion :of the reactionmixturezand test such portion. In-some cases, suchsxylenefree resultant may show initial'or incipient :hydrophile properti'esnvhereas inpresence .of xylene such properties would not be noted. In other cases, the first objectiveindication-of hydrophile properties :may be the capacity-of the material to emulsify an insoluble solvent such as xylene. his to beemphasized that hydrophile prcperties herein referred to are such as :those exhibited by incipient self-emulsification or the presence of emulsifying properties and go through the range "of homogeneous .dispersibility or :admixturewith water even in presence ofiad'ded water-insoluble solvent and :minor proportions .of common electrolytes as occurincil field brines.

Elsewhere, it is pointed out that an emulsification test may be used to determine ranges :of surface-activity and that such emulsific'ation tests employa xylene solution. Stated another way, it .is reallyimmaterial Whether a Xylene s0 lution produces a sol or whether it merely pro- -ducesan emulsion.

In light of what has been said previously in regard to the variation of range of hydrophile properties, and also in Jight --.of What has been said as to the variation in the effectiveness-of various alkylene oxides, and most particularly of all ethylene oxide, to introduce hydrophilecharacter it becomes obvious that .there'isa wide variation in .the amount of valkylene oxide employed. ias :long :as it-is at least .2 .moles perphenolic nu cleus, .forproducing .products-suseiulior the-pram- :tice of this invention. .Another variation-is .the molecular size .of the .resinschain resulting ilZQIIl reaction between the diiunctional phenol and the aldehyde such .as formaldehyde. It is well .known that .the size and .nature or structure of :theresin polymersobtained varies somewhat with the conditions of reaction, the proportions of're actants, the nature of the catalyst, etc.

Based on molecular Weight determinations, most of the resins prepared asherein described, particularly in the absence .of asecon'dary'heat- .ing step, contain 3 to 6 or 7 phenolic nuclei with approximately 4 or 5 nuclei as an average. More drastic conditions of resinification yield resins of greater chain length. Such more in- 'tensive resinification isa conventional procedure and may be employed if desired. .Molecular weight, of course, is measured by any suitable procedure, particularly by cryoscopic methods; but using the same reactants and using more drastic conditions of .resinification one usually finds that higher molecular weights are indicated byhig'her meltingpoints of the resins and ..a .tendency .to decreasedsolubility. lSee whatLhas "been .saidelsewhereherein in regard .to a secondary.'step involving the heating of a .resin with or without the .use of vacuum.

We .have previously pointed out thateitherian alkaline or acid catalyst .is advantageously used in preparing the resin. A combination of catalysts is sometimes used in two stages; for instance, an alkaline catalyst is sometimes employed in a firststage, followed by ncutralizationand-addition of a small amount of acid catalyst in..a second stage. .It is generally believed that even in I :the presence of an alkaline catalyst, the number .of.moles.of aldehyde, such as formaldehyde, must be greater than the moles of phenol employed in order to introduce methylol groups in the intermediate stage. There is .no indication that such groups appear in the final resin if prepared by the use -.of an acid catalyst. .It .is,-possible that radical. added is equivalent to approximately 50% by such groups may appear in the finished resins prepared solely with an alkaline catalyst; but we have never been able to confirm this fact in an examination of a large number of resins prepared by ourselves. Our preference, however, is to use an acid-catalyzed resin, particularly employing a formaldehyde-to-phenol ratio of 0.95 to 1.20 and, as far as we have been able to determine, such resins are free from methylol groups.

As a matter of fact, it is probable that in acidcatalyzed resinifications, the methylol structure may appear only momentarily at the very beginning of the reaction and in all probability is converted at once into a more complex structure during the intermediate stage.

One procedure which can be employed in the use of a new resin to prepare polyhydric reactants for use in the preparation of compounds emfashion. The conditions of reaction, as far as time or per cent are concerned, are within the range previously indicated. With suitable agitation, the ethylene oxide, if added in molecular proportion, combines within a comparatively short time, for instance, a few minutes to 2 to 6 hours, butin some instances, requires as much as 8 to 24 hours. A useful temperature range is from 125 to 225 C. The completion of the reaction of each addition of ethylene oxide'in step-wise fashion is usually indicated by the reduction or elimination of pressure. An amount conveniently used for each addition is generally equivalent to a mole or two moles of ethylene oxide, per hydroxyl When the amount of ethylene oxide weight of the original resin, a sample is tested for incipient hydrophile properties by simply shaking up in water as is, or after the elimination of the solvent if a solvent is present. The amount of ethylene oxide used to obtain a useful demulsifying agent as a rule varies from-70% by weight of the original resin, to as much as five or six times the weight of the original resin. In the case of a resin derived from para-tertiary butylphenol,

as little as 50% by weight of ethylene oxide may give suitable solubility. With propylene oxide even a greater molecular proportion is required and sometimes a resultant of only limited hydro- I phile properties is obtainable. The'same is true to even a greater extent with butylene oxide. The

hydroxylated alkylene oxides are more effective in solubilizing properties than the comparable compounds in which no hydroxyl is present.

Attention is directed to the fact that in the subsequent examples reference is made to the step-wise addition of the alkylene oxide, such as ethylene oxide. It is understood, of course. there is no objection to the continuous addition of alkylene oxide until the desired stage of reaction is reached. In fact, there may be less of a hazard involved and it is often advantageous to add the alkylene oxide slowly in a continuous stream and in such amount as to avoid exceeding the higher pressure noted in the various examples or elsewhere.

It may be well to emphasize the fact that when resins are produced from difunctional phenols and some of the higher aliphatic aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde, the resultant is a comparatively soft or pitch-like resin at ordinary temperatures.

Such resins become comparatively fluid at 110' to 165 C., as a rule, and thus can be readily oxyalkylated, preferably oxyethylated, without the use of a solvent.

What has been said previously is not intended to suggest that any experimentation is necessary to determine the degree of oxyalkylation, and particularly oxyethylation. What has been said previously is submitted primarily to emphasize the fact that these remarkable oxyalkylated resins having surface-activity show unusual properties as the hydrophile character varies from a minimum to an ultimate maximum. One should not underestimate the utility of any of these polyhydric alcohols in a surface-active or sub-surface-active range, without examining them by reaction with a number of the typical acids herein described, and subsequently, examining the resultant for utility, either in demulsification, or in some other art or industry as referred to elsewhere, or as a reactant for the manufacture of more complicated derivatives. A few simple laboratory tests which can be conducted in a routine manner will usually give all the information that is required.

For instance, a simple rule to follow is to prepare a resin having at least three phenolic nuclei and being organic solvent-soluble. Oxyethylate such resin, using the following four ratios of moles of ethylene oxide per phenolic unit equivalent: 2 to 1; 6 to 1; 10 to 1; and 15 to 1. From a sample of each product remove any solvent that may be present, such as xylene. Prepare 0.5% and 5.0% solutions in distilled water, as previously indicated. A mere examination of such series will generally reveal an approximate range of minimumhydrophile character, moderate hydrophile character, and maximum hydrophile character. If the 2 to 1 ratio does not show minimum hydrophile character by test of the solvent-free product, then one should test its capacity to form an emulsion when admixed with xylene or other insoluble solvent. If neither test shows the required minimum hydrophile property, repetition using 2 /2 to 4 moles per phenolic nucleus will serve. Moderate hydrophile character should be shown by either the 6 to 1 or 10 to 1 ratio. Such moderate hydrophile character is indicated by the fact that the sol in distilled water within the previously mentioned concentration range is a premanent translucent sol when viewed in a comparative y thin layer, for instance the depth of a test tube. Ultimate hydrophile character is usually shown at the 15 to 1 ratio test in that adding a small amount of an insoluble solvent, for instance 5% of xylene,

- yields a product which will give, at least temporarily, a transparent or translucent sol of the kind just described. The formation of a permanent foam, when a 0.5% to 5.0% aqueous solution is shaken, is an excellent test for surface activity. Previous reference has been made to the fact that other oxyalkylating agents may require the use of increased amounts of alkylene oxide.

However, if one does not even care to go to the trouble of calculating molecular wei hts, one can alkylat'ion :level can be :made :by a very simple "test using a pilotplantiautoclave having ta ca- ;pacity of about to '15 gallons as hereinafter described. Such laboratory-prepared routine compounds can'then be testedfor solubility :and, generally speaking, this is all that is :required to .give .a suitable variety covering the .hydrophile- Zhydrophobe range. All these tests, asstated'are intended to be routine tests and nothing more. .Theyare intended to teach a person, even though -tunski'lled in 'oxyethylation or oxyalkylationhow to prepare in a perfectly arbitrary manner, ase- :ries of compounds illustrating the hydrophile- :hydrophoberange.

If :one purchases a thermoplastic or fusible uesin on the open market selected fromazsuitable mum-her which are available, one might have 3130 nrakecertain determinations in order to make the "quickest approach to the appropriate oxyalkylation range. .For'instance, one should know -(a) the molecular size, indicating the number of phenolic units; (1)) the nature of the aldehydic residue, which is usually CH2; and '(c) the-nature of the substitu'ent, which :is usually butyl,:amy1, or phenyl. With such information one is in-substantially the same position as if one had personally made the-resin prior to oxyethylation.

- ti ail 7H O E -i (12 :1 1:013, "or even-more) *is given approximately by the formula: (Mol.

wt. of phenol 2) plus mol. wt. ofmethy'lene for substituted methylene radical. The molecular "weight of the resin would be n times the value "for'the internallimit plus the values forthe terminal units. The left-hand terminal unit of the "above structural formula, it will'be seen, is iden- "ticalwit'h'the recurring internal unit except that it has one extra hydrogen. The right-hand ter- -=mma1 unit lacks the methylene bridge :element. Us'ingone internal unit of a resin as the basic element, aresins molecularweigh't is given approximately by taking .(n plus 2) times the'weight i'of :tliet'internal element. Where the iresinimole- :culehasc-nly 3 phenolic nuclei as in. .the'structure shown, this calculation will'be in error by :s'everal per cent; but asit growslarger, ;to contain 6,9, or :12 phenolic :nuclei, the formulac'omesito be more than satisfactory. Using such an ap- ;proximate weight, one need only'intro'duca'for example, 'twomolal weights of ethylene oxide or "slightly more, per phenolic nucleous, toproduce a ,product of minimal hydrophile character.

' Further oxyalkylation gives enhanced hydrophile 524 "used in accordance with .the present invention-is exemplified by Examples lb through ,18b:of:l=.'.atent 2,499,370 and by the tables which appear in "columns 51 through '56 of that patent, qandireference is made thereto vfor examples .of .these intermediates.

The resins, prior to oxyalklation, vary from tacky, viscous liquids to hard, high-:melting solids. Their color varies from -:a light yellow through amber, to :a deep red or "even almost black. In the manufacture of :resins, particularly hard resins, as zthe:reactionprogresses .the reaction mass :frequently goes through a liquid state to a sub-resinous or semi-resinous state, often characterized by :being tacky or.sticky;to a final complete resin. As the resin is subjected to 'oxyalkylation these same physical changes *tend'to take place in reverse. If one startswith .a 'solidresin, oxyalkylation tends toima'ke it tacky orisemhresinous and'furth'er oxyalkylationtmakes .the'tackiness disappear and changes the product to a liquid. 'Thus, as the resin is oxyalkylated it decreases in viscosity, that is, becomes more liquid or changes from a solid to a liquid, particularly when it is converted to the water-dispersible or water-soluble stage. The color of the oxyalkylated derivative is usually considerably lighter than the original product from which it is made, varying from a pale straw color to "an amber or reddish amber. The viscosity usually varies from that of an 011, like castor oil, to that ofv a. thick viscous sirup. Some products are Waxy. The presence of a solvent, such as 15% "Xylene or the like, thins the viscosity consider- "ably and also reduces the color in dilution. N0

undue significance need be attached to the color for the reason that if the'same compound is prepared in glass and in iron, the latter usually has somewhat darker color. If the resins are prepared as customarily employed in varnish resin manufacture, i. e., a procedure that e-xcludes'the presence of oxygen during the resinification'and subsequent cooling of the resin, then of course the initial resin is much lighter in color. "We have employed some resins which initially are almost water-white and also yield a lightercol- 'ored final product.

Actually, in considering "the ratio of .alkylene oxide to add, and we have previously pointed out that this can be predetermined using laboratory 'tests,it is our'actual preference'from a practical standpoint to make tests on a small pilotplant "scale. 'Ollr reason for so doing is that we make one run, and only one, and that we have a complete series which shows the progressive effect of introducing the oxyalkylating agents,'"for:instance, theethyleneoxy radicals. 'Our preferred procedure is as "follows: We prepare a suitable resin, or for that matter, purchase it in'the open market. We employ 8 pounds of resin and 4 pounds of xylene and place the resin and xylene in a suitable autoclave with an open reflux condenser. We prefer'to heat and stir until the solution is complete. We have pointed out that soft resins which are fluid or semi-fluid cantbe :readily prepared in various ways, such :asnthe use of ortho-tertiary .amylphenol, ortho-hydroxydiphenyl, ortho-decylphenol, or by theme "of 'higher molecular weight 'aldehydes thaniformaldehyde. If such resins are used, a solvent need not be added, but may be added as a matter of convenience, or for comparison, if desired. We

"then.add;a .catalyst, for instance, 2% of caustic .psoda,'in the form Mia 20% to'.3.0%&solution,;a11d ;remove1the water :of solution or iformation. "We

' then shut 01f the reflux condenser and use the equipment as an autoclave only, and oxyethylate until a total of pounds of ethylene oxide have been added, equivalent to 750% of the original resin. We prefer a temperature of about 150 C. to 175 C. We also take samples at intermediate points, as indicated in the following table:

Oxyethylation to 750% can usually be completed within 30 hours and frequently more quickly.

The samples taken are rather small, for instance, 2 to 4 ounces, so that no correction need be made in regard to the residual reaction mass. Each sample is divided in two. One-half the sample is placed in an evaporating dish on the steam bath overnight so as to eliminate the xylene. Then 1.5% solutions are prepared from both series ofsamples, i. e., the series with xylene present and the series with xylene removed.

1 Mere visual examination of any samples in solution may be sufiicient to indicate hydrophile character or surface activity, 1. e., the product is soluble, forming a colloidal sol, or the aqueous solution foams or shows emulsifying property. All these properties are related through adsorption at the interface, for example, a gas-liquid interface or a liquid-liquid interface. If desired, surface activity can be measured in any one of the usual ways using a DuNouy tensiometer or dropping pipette, or any other procedure for measuring interfacial tension. Such tests are conventional and require no further description. Any 1 compound having sub-surface-activity, and all derived from the same resin and oxyalkylated to a'greater extent, i. e., those having a greater proportion of alkylene oxide, are useful as polyhydric reactants for the practice of this invention.

.Another reason why we prefer to use a pilot plant test of the kind above described is that we can use the same procedure to evaluate tolerance towards a trifunctional phenol such as hydroxybenzene or metacresol satisfactorily. reference has been made to the fact that one can conduct a laboratory scale test which will indicate whether or not a resin, although soluble in solvent, will yield an insoluble rubbery product, i. e., a product which is neither hydrophile nor surface-active, upon oxyethylation, particularly extensive oxyethylation. It is also obvious that one may have a solvent-soluble resin derived from a mixture of phenols having present 1% or 2% of a trifunctional phenol which will result in an insoluble rubber at the ultimate stages of oxyethylation but not in the earlier stages. In other words, with resins from some such phenols, addition of 2 or 3 moles of the oxyalkylating agent per phenolic nucleus, particularly ethylene oxide,

Previous 26 gives a surface-active reactant which is perfectly satisfactory, while more extensive oxyethylation yields an insoluble rubber, that is, an unsuitable reactant. It is obvious that this present procedure of evaluating trifunctional phenol tolerance is more suitable than the previous procedure.

It may be well to call attention to one result which may be noted in a long drawn-out oxyalkylation, particularly oxyethylation, which would not appear in a normally conducted reaction. Reference has been made to cross-linking and its effect on solubility and also the fact that,

if carried far enough, it causes incipient stringiness, then pronounced stringiness, usually followed by a semi-rubbery or rubbery stage. Incipient stringiness, or even pronounced stringiness, or even the tendency toward a rubbery stage, is not objectionable so long as the final product is still hydrophile and at least sub-surface-active. Such material frequently is best mixed with a polar solvent, such as alcohol or the like, and preferably an alcoholic solution is used. The point which we want to make here, however, is this: stringiness or rubberization at this stage may possibly be the result of etherification. Obviously if a difunctional phenol and an aldehyde produce a non-cross-linked resin molecule and if such molecule is oxyalkylated so as to introduce a plurality of hydroxyl groups in each molecule, then and in that event if subsequent etherification takes place, one is going to obtain cross-linking in the same general way that one would obtain cross-linking in other resinification reactions. Ordinarily there is little or no tendency toward etherification during the oxyalkylation step. If it does take place at all, it is only to an insignificant and undetectable degree. However, suppose that a certain weight of resin is treated with an equal weight of, or twice its weight of, ethylene oxide. This may be done in a comparatively short time, for instance, at or C. in 4 to 8 hours, or even less. On the other hand, if in an exploratory reaction, such as the kind previously described, the ethylene oxide were added extremely slowly in order to take stepwise samples, so that the reaction required 4 or 5 times as long to introduce an equal amount of ethylene oxide employing the same temperature, then etherification might cause stringiness or a suggestion of rubberiness. For this reason if in an exploratory experiment of the kind previously described there appears to be any stringiness or rubberiness, it may be well to repeat the experiment and reach the intermediate stage of oxyalkylation as rapidly as possible and then proceed slowly beyond this intermediate stage. The entire purpose of this modified procedure is to cut down the time of reaction so as to avoid etherification if it be caused by the extended time period.

It may be well to note one peculiar reaction sometime noted in the course of oxyalkylation, particularly oxyethylation, of the thermoplastic resins herein described. This effect is noted in a case where a thermoplastic resin has been oxyalkylated, for instance, oxyethylated, until it gives a perfectly clear solution, even in the presence of some accompanying water-insoluble solvent such as 10% to 15% of xylene. Further oxyalkylation, particularly oxyet-hylation, may then yield a product which, instead of givin a clear solution as previously, gives a very milky solution suggesting that some marked change has taken place. One explanation of the above change is that the structural unit indicated in the following way where 1 75 8:1 is a fairly large number, for instance, 10 to 20,

2a ma not be suitablevfor a=-mole'cular weight dei termination and, likewise, the solventused" int determining molecular weight may not be suite. able as a solvent durin oxyalkylation. Forsoln 27-" decomposes and an" oxyalkylated resin representing a'lo'wer degree of oxyethylation and a less sol-- ubleona-is generated and a cyclic polymer of eth yle'ne oxide is produced, indicated thus:

1 h 's fa'c't; of course, presents no difficulty for the reason that oxyalkylation can be conducted in each instance" stepwise, or at a gradual rate, and

samples taken at short intervals so as to arrive a't'a point where optimum surface activity or hyd'fo'phil'e character is obtained if desired; for products for use as polyhydric reactants in the practice of this invention, this is not necessary and, in fact, may be undesirable, i. e.,-reduce' the efiiciency of the product.

We do not know to what extent oxyalkylation produces uniform distribution in regard to phenolic hydroxyls present in the resin molecule. In{ some instances, of course, such distribution can not be uniform for the reason that we have notspecified that the molecules of ethylene oxide, for example, be added in multiples of the units tion of the oxyalkylated compounds, or their derivatives a great variety of solvents may be employed, such as alcohols, ether alcohols, cresols, phenols, ketones, esters, etc., alone or with the addition of water. Some of these are mentioned hereafter. We prefer the use of benzene or diphenylamine as a solvent in making cryoscopic measurements. The most satisfactory resins are those which are soluble in xylene or the like, rather'than those-which are soluble only inisome. other solvent containing elements other than;- carbon and hydrogen, for instance, oxygen. or chlorine. Such solvents are usually polar, semi-- polar, or slightly polar in nature compared with. xylene,- cymene, etc.

Reference to oryoscopic measurement is: concerned with the use of benzene or other suitable present in the resin molecule. This may be illuscompound as a solvent. Such method will show' trated in the following manner: that conventional resins obtained, for example;

Suppose the resin happens to have five phenolic from para-tertiary amylphenol and formaldenuclei. If a minimum of two moles of ethylene hyde, in presence of an acid catalyst, will have oxide per phenolic nucleus are added, this would a molecular Weight indicating 3, 4, 5' or some mean an addition of 10 moles of ethylene oxide, what greater number of structural units perbut suppose that one added 11 moles of ethyleneoxi'de', or 12, or 13, or 14 moles; obviously, even assuming the most uniform distribution possible, some of the polyethyleneoxy radicals would contain 3 ethyleneoxy units and some would contai'ri 2. Therefore, it is impossible to specify uni form distribution in regard to the entrance of the ethylene oxide or other oxyalkylating agent. For that matter, if one were to introduce 25 moles of ethylene oxide there is no way to be certain that all chains of ethyleneoxy units would have 5 units; there might be some having, for example, rand 6 units, or for that matter 3 or 7 units. Nor isthere any basis for assuming that the number of molecules of the oxyalkylating agent added to each of the molecules of the resin is the same, or different. Thus, where formulae are given to illustr'ate or depict the oxyalkylated products, distributions of radicals indicated are to be statistically taken. We have, however, included specific directions and specifications in regard to the total amount of ethylene oxide, or total amount of any other oxyalkylating agent, to add.

In regard to solubility of the resins and the oxyalkylated compounds, and for that matter derivatives of the latter, the following should be noted. In oxyalkylation, any solvent employed should be non-reactive to the alkylene oxide employed. This limitation does not apply to selvent used in cryoscopic determinations for obe vious reasons. Attention is directed to the fact that various organic solvents may be employed to verify that the resin is organic solvent-soluble. Such solubility test merely characterizes the resin. The particular solvent used in such test molecule. If more drastic conditions of resimfi cation are employed, or if such low-stage resin is subjected to a vacuum distillation, treatment, as previously described, one obtains a resin of a distinctly higher molecular weight. Any molec' ular weight determination used, whether cryo scopic" measurement or otherwise, other than. the conventional cryoscopic one employing ben zene, should be checked so as to insure that it gives consistent values on such conventional resins a a control. Frequently all thatis necessary to make an approximation of the molecular weight range is to make a comparison with the dimer obtained by chemical combination of two moles of the same phenol, and one mole of the same aldehyde under conditions to insure dimerization. As to the preparation of such dimers from substituted phenols, see Carswell Phenoplasts, page 31'. The increased viscosity, resinous' character, and decreased solubility, etc, of the higher polymers, in comparison with the dimer, frequently are all that is required to establish that the resin contains 3 or more struc-' tural units per molecule.

Ordinarily, the oxyalkylation is carried out in autoclaves provided with agitators or stirring devices. We have found that the speed of the agitation markedly influences the reaction time. In some cases, the change from slow speed agitation, for example, in a laboratory autoclave agi tation with a stirrer operating at a speed of 60 to 200 R. P. M., to high sped agitation, with the stirrer operating at 250 to 350 R. P. M., re duces the time required for oxyalkylation by about one-half to two-thirds. Frequently xy-.

lene-soluble products which give insoluble products by procedures employing comparatively slow speed agitation, give suitable hydrophile products when produced by similar procedure, but with high speed agitation, as a result, we believe, of the reduction in the time required with consequent elimination or curtailment of opportunity for curing or etherization. Even if the formation of an insoluble product is not involved, it is frequently advantageous to speed up the reaction, thereby reducing production time, by increasing agitating speed. In large scale operations, we have demonstrated that economical manufacturing results from continuous oxyalkylation, i. e., an operation in which thealkylene oxide is continuously fed to the reaction vessel, with high speed agitation, i, e., an agitator operating at 250 to 350 R. P. M. Continuous oxyalkylation, other conditions b"ing the same, is more rapid than batch oxyalkylation, but the latter is ordinarily more convenient for laboratory operation.

Previous reference has been made to the fact that in preparing esters or compounds of the kind herein described, particularly adapted for demulsification of water-in-oil emulsions, and for that matter, for other purposes, one should make a complete exploration of the wide variation in hydrophobe-hydrophile balance, as previously referred to. It has been stated, furthermore, that i this hydrophobe-hydrophile balance of the oxyalkylated resins is imparted, as far as the range of variation goes, to a greater or lesser extcnt to the herein described derivatives. This means that one employing the present invention should take the choice of the most suitable derivative szlected from a number of representative compounds, thus, not only should a variety of resins be prepared exhibiting a variety of oxyalkylations, particularly oxyethylation, but also a variety of derivatives. This can be done conveniently in light of what has been said previously. From a practical standpoint, using pilot plant equipment, for instance, an autoclave having a capacity of approximately three to five gallons. have made a single run by appropriate selections in which the molal ratio of resin equivalent to We x ethylene oxide is one to one, 1 to 5, 1 to 10, 1 to 15,

and 1 to 20. Furthermore, in making these particular runs, we have used continuous addition of ethylene oxide. In the continuous addition of ethylene oxide We have employed either a cylinder of ethylene oxide Without added nitrogen, provided that the pressure of the ethylene oxide was sufficiently great to pass into the autoclave, or else, we have used an arrangement, which, in essence, was the equivalent of an ethylene oxide cylinder with a means for in ecting nitrogen so as to force out the ethylene oxide in the manner of an ordinary seltzer bottle, combined with the means for either weighing the cylinder, or measuring the ethylene oxide used volumetrically. Such procedure and arrangement for injecting liquids, is, of course, conventional. The following data sheets exem lify such operations, 1. e., the combination of both continuous agitation and taking samples so as to give five different variants in oxyathylation. In adding ethylene oxide continuously, there is one precaution which must be taken at all times. The addition of ethylene oxide must stop immediately, if there is any indication that reaction is stopped, or, obviously, if reaction is not started at the beginning of the reaction period. Since the addition of ethylene oxide is invariably an exothermic reaction, whether or not reaction has taken place can be judged in the usual manner, by observing (a) temperature rise or drop, if any, (b) amount of cooling water or other means required to dissipate heat of reaction; thus, if there is a temperature drop without the use of cooling water or equivalent, or if there is no rise in temperature without using cooling water control, careful investigation should be made.

In the tables immediately following, we are showing the maximum temperature which is usually the operating temperature. In other words, by experience, we have found that if the initial reactants are raised to the indicated temperature and then if ethylene oxide is added slowly, this temperature is maintained by cooling water until the oxyethylation is complete. We have also indicated the maximum pressure that we obtained or the pressure range. Likewise, We have indicated the time required to inject the ethylene oxide as well as a brief note as to the solubility of the product at the end of the oxyethylation period. As one period ends it will be noted we have removed part of the oxyethylated mass to give us derivatives, as therein described; the rest has been subjected to further treatment. All this is apparent by examining the columns headed Starting mix, Mix at end of reaction, Mix which is removed for sample, and Mix which remains as next starter.

The resins employed are prepared in the manner described in Examples Nos. 1a through 103a inclusive of our Patent 2,499,370, and are identified by reference to the example number of that patent. Instead of being prepared on a laboratory scale they were prepared in 10 to 15-gallon e1: ctro-vapor heated synthetic resin pilot plant reactors, as manufactured by the Blaw-Knox Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and completely described in their Bulletin No. 2087, issued in 1947, with specific reference to Specification No. 71-3965.

For convenience, reference is made in the folfoling tables to the example number of our said Patent 2,499,370 wherein the preparation of identical laboratory-size batches is described, and

it is understood that these operations simply involve pilot plant operation, instead of laboratory operation.

The solvent used in each instance was xylene. This solvent is particularly satisfactory, for the reason that it can be removed readily by distillation or vacuum distillation. In these continuous experiments the speed of the stirrer in the autoclave was 250 R. P. M.

In examining the subsequent tables it will be noted that if a comparatively small sample is taken at each stage, for instance, one-half to one gallon, one can proceed through the entire molal stage of 1 to 1, to 1 to 20, without remaking at any intermediate stage. This is illustrated by Example 104a. In other examples we found it desirable to take a larger sample, for instance, a 3-gallon sample, at an intermediate stage. As a result, it was necessary in such instances to start with a new resin sample, in order to prepare sufficient oxyethylated derivatives illustrating the latter stages. Under such circumstances, of course, the earlier stages which had been previously prepared were by-passed or ignored. This is illustrated in the tables, where, obviously, it shows that the starting mix was not removed from a previous sample.

1c. June. 22. 4

Plienolfor 'liesint- Para-:tertidry; amylph'enol A'ldchyd'afar. resin-,1 Forozaldehyde.

[Resin-made-in pilot plant size batch, approximately -25-p0ut1ds; corresponding to 3wofP ate11t;2,499,370

but this:batoh designated; 104i} 1 Mix Which is 1 Mix Which Re-. S rting 1 figi ggg of Removed for mains as .Ncggt Sample Starter Max Ma 1 1 T 1 1 Time- Pf essu a flempcgahrs I Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. i 7 Sol- 1 1 s01. 'R'es- 5 58. is Res- 2%?? m vcnt vent in veqt in 1 7 firste; Q l

Resin-to.EtO 1 5 MolaLRatiorl: 14.25 15.75. 0v 14.25 15.75 4. 0 3.35 3.65 1.0 10.9 12,1 3.0. so. 1511 ,4 I. EX.I T.'0..104b r l I sacpndfi aa Q i Resin-to 13110...- f 1 3 M laLRatjo, 1 1o. 9 12. 1 I 3. 0 10.9, 12.1 .15. 3-77., 4.17 5.31 7.13 7.93 9.9.4; 70 1 14 so; EX. No. 1051). 1 1 Thir zsiaw i L Resin..t01EtO-... 3 1 1, 1 1 Q Molal Ratio 1 :10. 7. 13 7. 93 9. 94, 7. 13 7. 93 19. 69 3, 2 9 3. 68 9. 04 3. 84 4. 25 10. 65 173 $4 ES EXKN'O. 1061:..." V Equrth Stage Resinto E120 1 1 1 1 M0151, Ratio 1 v 3. 84 4. 25 10. 3. 851 4. 25 16. 15 2. 04 2. 21 8. 55 1. 2. Q4 7 60 220 160 96 RS. Ex Np.107b..... 1

E f S a Q Rcsin .to,EtO Molal. Ratio 1 1.80 2. 04 7.150 1. 8O 2. 0 1 10.2 QS Ex. No. 10817-.. 1 a

I 1=I nso lub1e. ST=S1ight tendency toward becoming soluble. FS=Fair1y soluble. RS=Readily soluble. QS=-Quite.soluble.

Date, June 18,1948.

Phenol forresin: N onylphenol' Aldehydefor resin Formaldehyde [Resin made in pilot plant size. batch, approximately 25 pounds, correspondiog to 70a of latent 2,499,370 but this batch designatcd 10911.]-

- 1\/Iix Which is 1 Mix Which Re- Starting Mix 01 Removed for mains as Next;

Sample Stantep Max Max I j I Pre ssgpe Tcmpgra- E 52 Solubility s l lfibsl Lbs a Lbs Lbs g l k Lbs 1bs.sq.111. ture, C.

o eso es- 11 o cso es- ;vent in Eto vent in Eto vent in vc 11 t in First Stage Resin to, EtO... 1 1 i f I M01211, Ratio 1:1-. 15. 0 15. 0 0 15. 0 1'5. 0- 3. 5. O 1 5. 0 1. 0 10.0 10.0 2.10 50 1 50 1 SI Ex. No, 1Q9 b 1 Second Stage 1 I Resin.toEtO 1 1 v M01211 Ratio 1:5... 10 10 2.0 10 10 9. 4 2. 72 2.72 2. 56' 7. 2 7 7. 2 7 6. 86 1 00. 1 47. 2, DT- Ex. No.,110b. I

Third Stage Resin to, EtO 1 1 Molal Ratio 1:10- 7. 27 7. 27 6. 86 7. 27 7.27 13. 7 4. 16 4.16 7. 68 3. 15 3.,15 5, 95 125 1% S. Ex .No.1 l 1b 1 Fourth Stage Rosin to EtO.... 1 Molal Ratio 1:15. 3. 15 3. 15 5. 95 3.15 3. l5 8. 95 1. 05 1. 05 2. 9,5 2. 10 2,10 6.00 220 174 2% S Ex. No.112b. l 1

Fifth Stage Resin to 1 :10...- 1 Molal Ratio 1:20. 2. 10 2.10 6. 00 2. 10 2.10 8. 00 220 18; VS Ex. No. 1131...---

S=..S o1ub1e. S,1=S 1ight tendency tocvard solubility. DT=Definite tendency toward solubility. VS=Very'soluble.

bate, J une 2 3, 94,

[Resin made in pilot plant size batch, approximately pounds, corresponding to 8a of Patent 2,499,370 but this batch designated 114m] Mix Which is Mix Which Re- Starting Mix fig figg of Removed for mains as Next Sample Starter M ax. Max. Time Pressure Tempsrahrs Solubility Lbs. Lbs. Lbs Lbs. Lbs. Lbs Lbs. Lbs. Lbs Lbs. Lbs. Lb C Soi- Res- 801- Res- Res- Sol- Resa vent in vent in vent in vent in First Stage Resin to Et0- M0131 'Ratio 1:1.- 14.2 15.8 0 14,2 15.8 3.25 3.1 3.4 0.75 11.1 12.4 2.5 150 1%: NS Ex. No. 114b.....

SecondStage Resin to EtO Molal' Ratio 1:5.. 11.1 12.4 2.5 11.1 12.4 12.5 7.0 7.82 7.88 4.1 4.58 4.62 171 M SS Ex. No. 115b-.---

Third Stage Resin to Et0.. Molal Ratio 1:10- 6.64 7.36 0 6.64 7.36 15.0 190 1% 8 Ex. No. 1165"...

Four! Stage Resin to EtO Moiai Ratio 1:15- 4.40 4.9 0 4.4 4.9 14.8 400 160 )6 VS Ex. N0. 117b.....

Fifth Stage Resin to Et0.. Molnl Ratio 1:20- 4.1 4.58 4.62 4.1 4.58 18. 260 172 36 VS Ex. No. 1185.....

S=Solubie. NB=-Not soluble. SS=Somewhat soluble. VS=Very soluble.

Phenol for resin: Menthylphenol Aldehyde for resin: Formaldehyde Date, July 813, 1948 [Resin mane in pilot plant size batch, approximately 25 pounds, corresponding to 69a of Patent 2,499,370 but this batch designated 11911.1

Mix Which is Mix Which Restarting Mix fig ggg of Removed ior mains as Next 1 Sample Starter Max. Max. Time Pressure Temperanhrs. Solubility Lbs. Ifibs. Lb r b s. 135. Lbs 1 .1. 5. Ifibs. Lbs Ibls. Ifibs. Lbs

es- 0- es- 0- eso-' esvent in Eto vent in vent in Eto vent in Eto First Stage Resin to EtO--- ."Molal Ratiol: 13.65 16.35 0 13.65 16.35 3.0 9.55 11.45 2.1 4.1 4.9 0.9 60 1% NB Rx. No. 1195 Second Stage Resin to EtO Mela Bath-1:5 10 12 0 10 12 10.75 4.52 5.42 4.81 6.48 6.58 5.94 140 1%: 5 Ex. No. 12017.....

I Third Stage Besin to EtO.-..

Molal Ratio 1- 5.48 6.58 5.94 5.48 6.58 10.85 90 160 M S ExeNo. 1210"..-

Fourth Stage Resin to EtO--- :Molal Ratio-1:15- 4.1 4.9 10.9 4.1 4.9 13.15 180 171 1%: VS

Ex. N0. 122b....-

Fifth Stage Resin to EtO-... .,.Moial1?.etio 1:20- .3.10 3. 72 0.68 3.10 3.72 13. 320 56 V5 Ex. N0. 1235.....

S-Soiuble. NS-Not soluble. VS-Very soluble.

Phenoi. forfvfesim Pam-secondary;utglphenob.= Jdehyde forrresim.Formaldehyde Date, July 14-45, 1948 .[Resimmad in pilptplant size batch;.approximate1y'25 pounds. corresponding to-2a otPatent 2,499.370 butthisbatchdesignated1240;].5

i Mix-Which is. Mix Which Re- Starting Mix ags; Removedfor mains as Next ea Sample: Starter Max. Max. Time Pressura -I em gerahrs. SoluPillty 1 1. 5s.v Lbs lbls. I bs. Lbs .lbls. 55. Lbs .gbls. .55- Lbs l tueil 0- es- .o-- es-v .0- esoes-. vent in Eto vent in; ventin Eto vent' in First Stage 0 14.45 15.55 4.25 5.97. 6.38 1.75 8.48 l 9.17 2.50. i 150 fj 54,1 N's";

Second Stage Resin to EtO k Molal Ratiol 8.148 9.17 2.50 2.421. 9.17, ma 6.83 6.32 11. 05 V 2. 2.85 4.95 I q 95 188 as. Ex.No.125b

Third Stage Resin to EtO Mela}: Ratio lzlo- 4. 82 5.18: 0 4.,82 5.18 14.25 400-. 183 )fi Sin Ex. N0. 126b' Fourth Stage Resin to Et0 J M0151 Ratio 1:15. 3.85 4.15. 0 3.85 4.15 17.0 120 180' '96 V85.- Ex. No.127b Fifth Stage Resin to E170"-.- L Molal'RatioliZO- 2.65 2. 85; 4. 2. 65 2. 85 I 15.45 80 170 h Vsi Ex. No. 128b' S Soluble. N S=N0t soluble. ss somewhat soluble. VS.=Very-,so1ub1e.

Phenolifoi resin: M cnth gjb Aldeh'yde fa'wresin: Propionalehyd.

Date, August 12-13, 1948 {-Rsimmade on-pilot plant-size batch,--a;pproxinrate1y 25 pounds, corresponding? to*81a -0f Patent v2.499;:170 buirlthis:bat'chi designated 1292312 I Mix'Whichis Mix Which Re--. Starting Mix figggg Mi Removed for mains as'Ne'xti Sample Starter Max. Max. Time D j Pressure 'Te'mp era hrs solubmty Ibis. m. Lbs 1 .5 5. 55. 1 .5 5. ,gbs. Isibis. .Ifib's. l i-. n o es-- o es i o eso es .vent in Eto vent 'in Etol "vent in v'ent' in 1 First Stage Resin ,to E150-.- v v 4 V V V Mo1a1-'Ratio-1:1 12. 8 17.2; 12.8 17.2 i 2.175 4. 253 5.7 M 8.;55' -'11..50 1.80 150 fiyNdtl'solflbl. Ex. No. 1295.----- i 1;

Second Stage Resin to Et0. a k V Y M01a1 Rati01:5 '8. 55 11.50 1. 80 8:55 "11.50 9.3" 4.,78 6.42 v 5.12 3.:77 5.,08 4.10 i 100 170 $6 -Som'ewhm- Ex. No. b 1. 5011115122..

Third Stage Resin to E120--. H 1 MolaLRatio 1:10- 3.77 5.08 4.10 3.;77 5.08-13-1. 100' 182' .113 rSDlubIaR Ex. No. 131b E; Fourth Stage Resirrto E10- v V I 1 2 M0181 Ratlol 7.0 6. 2 7311 -17."0 3.710 4. 17 10.718 2. 10 -1 2.83 6. 87 200 2 182 )4 pvez'y solflble. Ex. No. 132b' Fifth Stage Resin to E t-. H I =1 v Mola'l'Rat1o 2.10 2.83:- 6.87 2.10 2.83- 9.112 901 ee ve -somme. Ex. No. 1331).--

v Datghugust 2731, I [Resin inside. on pilot plant size batch, approximately 25 pounds, corresponding to 42a of Pat 2,542;oos

38 Aldehyde for resin! Furfural ent 2,499.370 butthis batch designated as 134 111 Mix Which is Mix Which Re- Starting Mix figg ggg Removed for mains as.Next Sample Starter Max. Max. Time I Pressu 'e Tempsra- Solubility Lbs. Lbs. Lbs Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs Lbs. Lbs. Lb Sol- Res- Etd s i- Resfi s01: Res- Sol- Resa- :vent in vent in vent in vent in First Stage Resin to Em-.. Mol'al Ratio 1:1- 11.2 18.0 11.2 18.0 3.5 2.75 4.4 '0.85 8.45 13.6 2.65 120 135 k; Not soluble. Ex. No. 13412-.--" V 92 Stage Resin r6 E110-.-" #Molal Ratio 1: 8.45 13.6 2. 65 8.45 13.6 12.65 5.03 8.12 7.55 3.42 5.48 5.10 l 110 150 Somewhat- -Ex. No. 13511 solub1e.--

Third Stage Resin to EtO. '--M0lalRa.ti0'1:10- 4.5 8.0 4.5 8.0 14.5 2.45 4.35 7.99 2.05 3.65 6.60 180 163 54 Soluble.

Ex.No.136b

Fourth Stage Resin to EtO Molal Ratio1:15 3.42 5.48 5.10 3. 42 5. 48. 15. 180 188 H; Verysoluble. Ex. No.--137b 1 Fifth Stage Resin to Eto I Molal Rgtioltfl 2.05 3.65 6.60 2:05 3.65 13.35 120 125 )5; very soluble. Ex.N0'-.138b 1 v 1?ote, Sept. 2344,1945

[Resin made on bilot size batch, approximately pounds, corresponding to 89a of Patent 2,499,370 but this batch designated as 13911.]

Phenol for resin: M enthyl Mix Which is 1H1! Which Ref Starting Mix at End of Removed [or mains as Next Reacno Sample Starter Max. Max. e

I Pressu re Tempgra- Solubility Lhs. Lbs. Lbs- Lbs. Lbs. Lhs. Lbs. Lbs. ture' Sol- Res- Sol- .Fes-

Sol- Res- Sol- Bes vent in vent in vent in vent in First. Stage Resin to Et0- I I 1 V Y M018.) Ratio 1:1 10. 25 17. 75 10.25 17.175 2. 5- 2. 65 4. 0. 736 13. 15 1. -150 55 Not soluble. Ex. No. 1391 i t ..cs.

Second Stage Ti Resin to m0... s ;M01nl Ratio 1:5- 7. 6 13. 15 1. 85 7.16 13. 15 9. 35 5. 2 9. 00 6.40 2. 4 4. 15 2. 80 177 $6 Somewhat Ex. No. 14011 soluble.

Third Siege Resin to EtO Mblal Ratio 1:10-. 4. 22 6. 98 4. 22 6. 98 10. 0 90 165 H Soluble.

Ex. N0. 1415------ y Fourth Stage i Resinto Eton--- V Mol'al'Ratio 1215-- 3; 76 6. 24 3. 76 6. 24 13. 25 100 171 .95 Very soluble.

Ex. No. 14211 1 s I 1 Fifth siege i Resin to EtO- 1 M0181 Ratio 1:20-. 2. 4 4. 15 2. 95 2. 4' 4. 15 11. 70 90 Very SOllflflB- Ex. No. 14311. 1

I 253142.00 39 .Phmwl for twin? .iRara-octyl Date, October "#8, 1948 [Resin made on pilot plant size batch, approximately 25 pounds, corresponding to 42a of Patent 2,499,370 with 206 para-Loetylphmol.:replaci.ng. 164-.ptirts by weight {of para=tertiaryamylphenol but :this batchdesignatndvas 1440 .1

parts by weight of commercial Mix Whiehis. Mix Which Re- Starting Mix g figg of Removedzfor mains lis Next Sample Starter Max. Max. Time Pressure, Temp erwhrs. Solubility Lbs g .LLbs .fib- Libs Z S l i lbs. sq. m. ture; O.

0- es- 0- eS-z "'20- ."eS- '10 Went in Eto vent" in Eto vent" in First Stage I Resin to Et0 I i I I I f g-Molal Ratio 1a-- 12.11 18.6;- 12.:1; 18x6. 3.0.5 5.3:; 8.228 1.134 6.172 10.1.32 1.?66 so '150 31;: iInsolubIm Ex. No. 1440 j I Second Stage I Slight tend- Resin to Et0 I I I I I 61 0' Mold-Ratio 115.- 39:25 14.25 9.25 14.25 JLD: .3323 5.73 4564 5'52 8.252. 6.256 2100 177 I W11 i e- Ex.iNo..145b-.--. E 2001 21 18301- .uble. Third Stave Resin to Et0 I I I I I I MolaLButi'o 1510- 6.72 10.32 ll. 66 6. 72 10.32 14.91 4.97 7.02 11.01 1475 2. 70. 3.290 85 182 3,4 Fairly @0111 Ex. No. 1460..- able.

Fourth Stage i Resin to Et0 5 l -MoIalRatibII- 5- 15.552 8. 52 6. 56 5.152 8.52 19. 81 100 .1 76 5% Rflfldfly i501 Ex. No. 147b f i .nble.

Fifth Stage Resin to Et0 i I M0131 Ratio 51 320. 1.75 2. :3. 90 1. 2.170 8.14 .160 Quite 301.11- Ex. No. 1480:"... ible.

Rhenulifvr rocesin: fiamphenyl Date, October 11-13, 1948 .Al'dehydejor resin;- Farf ural [Resin made on pilot plant size batch, approximately 25 pounds, corresponding to 42a of Patent 2,499,370 with 170 parts by weight of commercial ,paraphenylphenol replacing. 164zparts'by weightwilpara tertiary;amylphenol1hut,.-this-batch:,designated:aszl9 z MixWhiehis Mix Which Re- Starting Mix flgg fi g of I Removed for main'sasNext 7 5 Sample Starter Max Max .Time I I 'PIGSSIIIIQ, Temp erahm Solubility iIszb'ls. Ifi'bsf Lbs gbls. gbs Lbs si sb sgas ms 1 gbs. bs; Lbs lbs-511111- ture, I oes-g oes-:v ..,oes-'.- of esivent in 5 Eto vent in Eto vent in Eto vent in First Stage Resin to Et.( I I A I I I 7 I I I iMolal Ratio 139 16.7 13.0v 116.0" 3.05 3.50 4.25 0380 0.0435 412.545. 2520 .100 .150 53 5 Insoluble.

Ex. No.149b I Second Stage Resin to mom. I figj Molal llatip i1 10. 35 12.4. 2.20 10.35 512.545 212.20 5.15 6.319 6.106 5.120 6.126 6:514 80 .183 $15 g. Ex..'No..150b :bflity;

Third Sta'ge Resin to Eton" I I I I I Molal .Ratio {1310. .8390 10. 7 8.90 10.70 19.0. 5.30 6.38 11.132 3..60 E4532 7.i68 193 i I Eaii'ly 5.50111. Ex.No.15lb I lble. I

Fourth Stage Resin m Et0- i I I MO13L Ratio 0:15. 5.20 6. 26 6.14 5. 20 6.26 16. .64 .100 171 eReai'hly isol- Ex. No l52b 111110. 1

Fifth Stage r Resin to EtO z I Y :Molal Ratio 1520. 45.260 4.32 7. 68 3. 60. 4.32 .15. 68 .Sample somewhat rubbery andgelat-t 1.230 v .170 2 Ex. No. 15312. inous but fairly soluble 

1. A PROCESS FOR BREAKING PETROLEUM EMULSIONS OF THE WATER-IN-OIL TYPE, CHARACTERIZED BY SUBJECTING THE EMULSION TO THE ACTION OF A DEMULSIFIER INCLUDING A DRASTICALLY-OXIDIZED ESTER IN WHICH THE ACYL RADICAL IS THAT OF AN UNSATURATED MONOCARBOXY ACID HAVING AT LEAST 8 AND NOT MORE THAN 22 CARBON ATOMS, AND THE ALOCHOLIC RADICAL IS THAT OF CERTAIN HYDROPHINE POLYHYDRIC SYNTHETIC PRODUCTS; SAID HYDROPHILE SYNTHETIC PRODUCTS BEING OXYALKYLATION PRODUCTS OF (A) AN ALPHA-BETA ALKYLENE OXIDE HAVING NOT MORE THAN 4 CARBON ATOMS AND SELECTED FROM THE CLASS CONSISTING OF ETHYLENE OXIDE, PROPYLENE OXIDE, BUTYLENE OXIDE, GLYCIDE, AND METHYLGLYCIDE; AND (B) AN OXYALKYLATION-SUSCEPTIBLE, FUSIBLE, ORGANIC SOLVENT-SOLUBLE, WATER-INSOLUBLE PHENOL-ALDEHYDE RESIN; SAID RESIN BEING DERIVED BY REACTION BETWEEN A DIFUNCTIONAL MONOHYDRIC PHENOL AND AN ALDEHYDE HAVING NOT OVER 8 CARBON ATOMS AND REACTIVE TOWARD SAID PHENOL; SAID RESIN BEING FORMED IN THE SUBSTANTIAL ABSENCE OF TRIFUNCTIONAL PHENOLS; SAID PHENOL BEING OF THE FORMULA: 